不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响

为探究不同比例缓释肥、烟草专用复合肥配施对植烟土壤肥力及烤烟产质量的影响,在宣威市热水镇植烟区设置了5种不同肥料配比组合和对照,对植烟土壤及烤后烟叶进行取样分析。结果表明：不同比例缓释肥配施烟草专用复合肥使土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)相较于CK（单施烟草专用复合肥）提高了12.50%~23.21%,以60%~100%缓释肥等比替代复合肥(T3、T4、T5)表现最优。从烤烟综合品质来看,不同比例缓释肥替代烟草专用复合肥使烤烟综合品质平均得分相较于CK提高了0.19%~6.64%,其中以80%缓释肥替代复合肥处理(T4)表现最优。烤后烟叶经济效益也以T4最优,公顷产值达到59995.80元,高于对照和其他处理。综上所述,缓释肥和复合肥比例为80%:20%,能较好的提高烟叶综合品质,烤后烟叶能获得较好的经济效益,并在一定程度上改善土壤养分结构。     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

绿色富硒生物猪饲料中AFB1达标生产工艺优化研究

饲料中黄曲霉毒素(AFB₁)容易超标,检出率达80%~100%,毒性大,具强致癌性,可抑制生猪免疫机能,降低动物生产性能,引起动物继发感染,还会在动物产品中残留而威胁人类健康,给生猪养殖带来经济损失,降低猪肉食品安全性。本文通过使用先进固体发酵系统设备和益生菌发酵技术,采用单因素试验和响应面中试优化,获得发酵降解猪饲料AFB₁的最佳工艺参数为硒浓度0.3 mg/kg,发酵时间12 h,量子波强度30 Hz,益生菌菌种组合CGMCC NO.17328混合CGMCC NO.15611。该工艺将猪饲料AFB₁量从63.41μg/kg降解到2.98μg/kg,降解率达到95.30%,AFB₁含量达到国家饲料安全标准。生产工艺适合养猪场低成本快速生产AFB₁达标猪饲料。     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

SnToxA,SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

马铃薯细菌多样性解析及促生高产 IAA菌株的筛选

采用 3种不同的培养基从马铃薯根际土壤和叶片中共分离出 78株细菌，优势菌属是 Pantoea，占菌株总数的 55.13%。马铃薯根际土采用 R2A培养基(27株优势菌，13个菌属)分离的细菌多样性相对较好，阿须贝培养基(31株优势菌，9个菌属)次之，土壤浸提液培养基(1株优势菌，1个菌属)最少；马铃薯叶片内生菌用阿须贝培养基(19株优势菌，3个菌属)分离的细菌多样性较差。采用 Salkowski比色液显色法定量测定菌株产 IAA能力，结果表明有 58株细菌具有分泌 IAA的能力，占测定菌株总数的 74.36%，从马铃薯根际土(42株优势菌，13个菌属)筛选的产 IAA菌数量及细菌多样性均高于马铃薯叶片内生菌(16株优势菌，2个菌属)。根据菌株产IAA能力强弱和分离部位及分离培养基的差异，选择 7株产 IAA菌进行促生特性和马铃薯盆栽幼苗促生能力等研究，结果显示:有 6株产 IAA菌具有 ACC脱氨酶能力，1株产 IAA菌具有溶解无机磷能力，2株产 IAA菌具有溶解有机磷能力；两轮温室促生实验结果显示，菌株 Pantoeasp.MLS-34-25对马铃薯幼苗具有明显的促生作用，是生产微生物肥料的潜在菌种。     

滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

废纸回收材料化利用研究进展

简述了国内外废纸回收利用现状,重点阐述了废纸在建筑填料、制备高附加值纤维衍生物以及复合材料等方面的利用研究现状,并针对废纸材料利用过程中存在的高吸水率和弱结合界面等问题提出了相应的解决方法和研究方向。